Abstract Background: Based on the concept of “plant species complex,”, defined as a group sharing local names and morphological, aromatic, and curative properties, we analyzed the leaves of three species of the genus Oreopanax that are used as wrappers for tamales called “xocos” or “chocos” in Veracruz, Mexico, searching for common traits. Question: Do leaves of the genus Oreopanax form an ethnobotanical food complex sharing chemical and anatomical characteristics? Studied species / data description: Leaves from three species of the genus Oreopanax: O. capitatus, O. echinops, and O. flaccidus. Study site and dates: Leaves of O. capitatus and O. echinops were recollected on January 25 and 26, 2021, in the Clavijero Botanic Garden of the Instituto de Ecología, A. C. in Xalapa, Veracruz; leaves of O. flaccidus were recollected in Atapalchico, Tlacolulan, Veracruz. Methods: Chemical analyses consisted of oil extraction of the studied species' leaves, which were then injected into a gas chromatographer coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Anatomical analyses included: fixation, paraffin sectioning, and staining of leaf sections of the three species. Observations were performed with a compound microscope using a bright field or UV light. Results: For the first time, we are reporting major volatile compounds common in the three analyzed species (several aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, and terpenoids). The three species present resin canals in the mesophyll and the cortex of the midrib of the leaf. Conclusions: The studied Oreopanax species form an ethnobotanical food complex since they share similar uses, smells, and tastes.

Resumen Antecedentes: Basados en el concepto "complejo de especies vegetales", definido como un grupo que comparten nombres comunes, características morfológicas y propiedades aromáticas y curativas, analizamos las hojas de tres especies del género Oreopanax, utilizadas como envolturas de tamales llamados xocos o chocos en Veracruz, México, en busca de rasgos comunes. Pregunta: ¿Las hojas del género Oreopanax forman un complejo etnobotánico alimentario que comparte características químicas y anatómicas? Especies estudiadas / descripción de datos: Hojas de tres especies del género Oreopanax: O. capitatus, O. echinops y O. flaccidus. Lugar y fechas del estudio: Las hojas de O. capitatus y O. echinops se recolectaron los días 25 y 26 de enero de 2021, en el Jardín Botánico Clavijero del Instituto de Ecología, A. C. en Xalapa, Veracruz; las hojas de O. flaccidus se recolectaron en Atapalchico, Tlacolulan, Veracruz. Métodos: Los análisis químicos consistieron en la extracción de aceite de las hojas, el cual fue inyectado en un cromatógrafo de gases acoplado a un espectrómetro de masas (GC-MS). Los análisis anatómicos incluyeron: fijación, seccionamiento en parafina y tinción de secciones foliares. Las observaciones se realizaron con un microscopio compuesto utilizando iluminación de campo claro o de luz ultravioleta. Resultados: Por primera vez, informamos sobre los principales compuestos volátiles comunes en las tres especies analizadas (varios alcoholes alifáticos y aromáticos; y terpenoides). Las especies presentan canales resiníferos en el mesófilo y en el córtex de la vena media de la hoja . Conclusiones: Las especies de Oreopanax estudiadas forman un complejo etnobotánico alimenticio, pues comparten usos, olores y sabores similares.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In many countries penal institutions have been scenary of COVID-19 outbreaks, due to the adverse conditions for maintaining social distancing, lack of individual protection and bad sanitary structure, which confluence to make possible this situation. Objective: To characterize the fulfilment of survillance and the control and prevention measures for COVID-19 in penal institutions. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 8 penal institutions from Santiago de Cuba during May, 2020. Independently from the obtained numerical data, it was decided to carry out summaries mainly of qualitative type, of those aspects considered in each of the visits. Results: Satisfactory results were obtained in the evaluation of the organization and the structure of each of the visited institutions, as well as in the fulfilment of the individual and collective control and prevention measures. It was also verified that the institutions had the human and material resources guarranting the fulfilment of the measures. Conclusions: Care and sanitary survillance to this vulnerable group to COVID-19 were demostrated, and other possible actions were identified for this purpose.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las instituciones penitenciarias en muchos países han sido escenarios de brotes de la COVID-19, debido a los inconvenientes para mantener el distanciamiento social, a la falta de protección individual y la mala cobertura sanitaria, que se conjugan para condicionar esta situación. Objetivo: Caracterizar el cumplimiento de la vigilancia y las medidas de prevención y control de la COVID-19 en instituciones penitenciarias. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en 8 centros penitenciarios de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba durante mayo del 2020. Con independencia de los datos numéricos aportados, se decidió efectuar resúmenes fundamentalmente cualitativos de los aspectos considerados en cada una de las visitas. Resultados: En la evaluación de la organización y la estructura de cada una de las instituciones visitadas, así como del cumplimiento de las medidas de control y prevención individuales y colectivas, se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios. También se comprobó que las unidades disponían de los recursos humanos y materiales que garantizaban la observancia de las medidas. Conclusiones: Quedaron demostrados el cuidado y la atención sanitaria a este grupo vulnerable a la COVID-19 y se identificaron otras posibles acciones para ello.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cuba early started its preparations to face the emergency due to COVID-19 and it has made a deployment of several scientific-technical capacities for it, among them the management of geographical information’s systems by GEOCUBA company. Objective: Identify posible sites of geospatial risk related with the transmission of COVID-19 in Santiago de Cuba province. Methods: It was developed an ecologic study. There were identified groups of COVID-19 transmission and epidemiological risks. Epidemiological, social and spatial variables were resumed. Also there were made spatial analyses and overflights of drones as teleepidemiology techniques. Results: There were identified five spatial groups of transmission: one in Palma Soriano municipality, one in Contramaestre municipality and three in Santiago de Cuba municipality. The spatial distances among the cases and confirmed cases were related with the form of transmission of COVID-19. There were identified low incidence rates. It was noticed low mobility, accomplishment of the social distancing rules and social protection. Conclusions: The creation of a multidisciplinary group in Santiago de Cuba province, as a proposal of the highest level of the Communist Party and the Government, secured the deployment of technologic resources for the use of telepidemiology, and this allowed the spatial identification and further comprehensive management of ecoepidemiologic risks related with the transmission of COVID-19 in Santiago de Cuba. The different governmental actions, the perception of risk of the population, and the community response impacted in the low rates of transmission and spatial spreading of the disease, which shows the importance of worthing health as a social product.

RESUMEN Introducción: Cuba comenzó de manera temprana sus preparativos ante la emergencia por COVID-19 y ha desplegado muchas capacidades científico-técnicas para su enfrentamiento, entre ellas la gestión de sistemas de información geográfica, a cargo de la empresa GEOCUBA. Objetivo: Identificar posibles sitios de riesgo geoespacial relacionados con la transmisión de COVID-19 en Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio ecológico. Se identificaron grupos de transmisión de COVID-19 y riesgos epidemiológicos. Se resumieron variables epidemiológicas, sociales y espaciales. Se realizaron análisis espaciales y sobrevuelos de dron como técnicas de telepidemiología. Resultados: Se identificaron cinco grupos espaciales de transmisión, uno en el municipio Palma Soriano, uno en Contramaestre y tres en Santiago de Cuba. Las distancias espaciales entre casos y confirmados se relacionaron con la forma de transmisión de la COVID-19. Se identificaron bajas tasas de incidencia. Se apreció baja movilidad, cumplimiento de medidas de distanciamiento y protección social. Conclusiones: La creación de un grupo multidisciplinario en Santiago de Cuba, a propuesta de las máximas estructuras del partido y el gobierno, garantizó el despliegue de recursos tecnológicos para el uso de la telepidemiología, lo que permitió la identificación espacial y posterior gestión integral de riesgos ecoepidemiológicos relacionados con la transmisión de COVID-19 en Santiago de Cuba. Las acciones gubernamentales diferenciadas, la percepción de riesgo de la población y la respuesta comunitaria influyeron en las bajas tasas de transmisión y dispersión espacial de la enfermedad, lo que muestra la importancia de la concepción de la salud como producto social.

Abstract Based on the observation of the comments made to the official and personal accounts on Facebook and Twitter of the mayor of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico; an identification is made of the way in which the expression of the digital citizen identity takes place from four variables: support, opposition, demands and proposals. The most outstanding results obtained from a quantitative-descriptive perspective suggest that this identity manifests itself mainly from expressions of demand towards the solution of issues related to the services provided by the city council (security, public lighting, etc.), as a sign of citizen identity. In contrast, proposal-related entries are much less frequent. It is concluded that the participation manifested in the observed platforms reflects a relevant collective sense of identity that its more evident in terms of the immediate spatial contexts (such as the neighborhood or the neighborhood), than in relation to broader areas (such as the region), depending on the platforms observed.

Resumen Con base en la observación de los comentarios hechos a las cuentas oficiales y personales en Facebook y Twitter del alcalde de Saltillo, en Coahuila, México, se hace una identificación de la manera en que tiene lugar la expresión de la identidad ciudadana digital desde cuatro variables: el apoyo, la oposición, las demandas y las propuestas. Los resultados más destacados, obtenidos desde una perspectiva cuantitativa-descriptiva, sugieren que esta cualidad se manifiesta principalmente a partir de expresiones de demanda hacia la solución de asuntos relacionados con los servicios que brinda el ayuntamiento (seguridad, alumbrado público, etcétera), como señal de la identidad ciudadana. En contraste, las participaciones relacionadas con propuestas son menos frecuentes. Se concluye que la participación manifestada en las plataformas observadas refleja un sentido identitario colectivo relevante, y es más evidente en términos de los contextos espaciales inmediatos (como el barrio o la colonia), que en relación con ámbitos más amplios (como la región o la entidad federativa), según las plataformas observadas.

Abstract Zinc deficiency affects one third of the population and a possible solution is the agronomic biofortification of vegetables. Due to the increased consumption of arugula, this vegetable has good potential of use; however, there are few researches on the subject. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar zinc applications, at different times, on physiological, yield, nutritional, and biofortification parameters of the ‘Broad Leaf’ arugula. Three doses (0.5, 1, and 1.5 kg ha-1 Zn) were evaluated at five times (15; 20; 25; 15 and 20; and 15, 20 and 25 days after emergence) and a control treatment. It was observed that there was no effect of the application on the physiological variables, as well as on the height, leaf area, and fresh mass of aerial parts of the plant. Zn sprayings affected the N contents, while for Mn, P, Cu, and Fe, no significant effects were found. It was verified that with the application of 1.5 kg ha-1 Zn made at 25 days after emergence, a higher Zn content was obtained in the arugula leaves, representing an increase of 279% in relation to the control, showing the effectiveness of foliar zinc applications as an agronomic biofortification strategy for arugula.

RESUMEN El género Oecopetalum Greenm. & C.H. Thomps. (Metteniusaceae) se distribuye en el sureste de México y en América Central (Guatemala, Nicaragua y Costa Rica). Tres especies han sido descritas. Estudiamos especímenes de herbario de Oecopetalum y realizamos un análisis filogenético basado en los genes de los cloroplastos matK y ndhF para responder a las preguntas principales: ¿Cuántas especies hay en el género Oecopetalum? ¿Es Oecopetalum monofilético? ¿Cuáles son las relaciones genéricas con otros miembros de la familia? Oecopetalum es un género monofilético con solo dos especies y Pittosporosis es el grupo hermano. La relación transatlántica de Oecopetalum y Pittosporosis es un patrón geográfico recurrente en la familia Mettenuisaceae, así como en Icacinaceae. Nuestros resultados, en concordancia con la evidencia fósil y las relaciones de otros grupos, apoyan el modelo boreotropical de migraciones terrestres de táxones tropicales desde latitudes altas durante el Paleoceno-Eoceno, globalmente cálido.

Abstract Oecopetalum Greenm. & C.H. Thomps. (Metteniusaceae) is distributed in the southeastern portion of Mexico to Central America (Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica). Three species have been described. We studied herbarium specimens of the genus Oecopetalum and performed a phylogenetic analysis based on the plastid genes matK and ndhF to answer several major questions: How many species are in the genus Oecopetalum? Is Oecopetalum monophyletic, and how is the genus related to other members of the family? Our results indicate that Oecopetalum is monophyletic, with only two species, and sister to the Asian genus Pittosporopsis. The Trans-Atlantic relationship of Oecopetalum and Pittosporosis is a recurrent geographic pattern in the families Mettenuisaceae and Icacinaceae. Our results, in agreement the fossil record and previous phylogenetic studies, support the boreotropical model of high-latitude terrestrial migrations of tropical taxa during the globally warm Paleocene-Eocene.

RESUMEN Actualmente, debido a la mayor oferta de híbridos de maíz dulce con alto potencial productivo, ciclo más corto y un metabolismo más intenso que el maíz común, hacen que este cultivo sea muy exigente en nutrientes. En ese sentido, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de tres dosis de molibdeno (Mo) (150, 300 y 450 g ha-1), vía foliar, en diferentes épocas de aplicación (E1: 100% a los 15 días después de la emergencia - DDE; E2: 100% a los 30 DDE; E3: 100% a los 45 DDE; E4: 50% a los 15 y 30 DDE, y E5: 33,3% a los 15, 30 y 45 DDE), sobre el desempeño agronómico del maíz dulce 'SVN 9298'. Se presentó interacción significativa de los factores sobre la concentración foliar de Mo, obteniéndose el mayor valor con 450 g ha-1 de Mo aplicado a los 45 DDE, siendo equivalente al incremento de 1,2% con relación al contenido foliar observado en las plantas sin aplicación de Mo. También, la concentración foliar del nitrógeno (N) fue mayor con la dosis más alta de Mo utilizada. Los mejores resultados para el número de espigas comerciales (49.477), productividad total de espigas (20.942 kg ha-1) y productividad de espigas comerciales (13.211 kg ha-1) fueron obtenidos con las dosis estimadas de 316, 450 y 311g ha-1 de Mo, respectivamente. Asimismo, la dosis que maximizó la productividad de granos (5.055 kg ha-1), que es el componente más importante que define el desempeño agronómico del maíz dulce, fue obtenida con la cantidad estimada de 334 g ha-1 de Mo.

ABSTRACT Nowadays, there is a greater offer of sweet corn hybrids with a high productive potential, shorter cycle and more intense metabolism than common corn, resulting in this crop being very demanding in terms of nutrients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of three levels of molybdenum (Mo) (150, 300 and 450 g ha-1), via foliar spraying, with different application timing (E1: 100% at 15 days after emergence - DDE; E2: 100% at 30 DDE; E3: 100% at 45 DDE; E4: 50% at 15 and 30 DDE, and E5: 33.3% at 15, 30 and 45 DDE) on the agronomic performance of sweet corn 'SVN 9298'. There was a significant effect from the interaction of the factors on the foliar concentration of Mo, obtaining the highest value with 450 g ha-1 of Mo, applied at 45 DDE, with an increase of 1.2% in the foliar content from that observed in the plants without a Mo application. Also, the foliar concentration of nitrogen (N) was higher with the highest Mo level. The highest number of commercial ears (49,583), total productivity of ears (20,942 kg ha-1) and productivity of commercial ears (13,211 kg ha-1) were obtained with estimated levels of 316, 450 and 311 g ha-1 of Mo, respectively. Likewise, the dose that maximized grain productivity (5,055 kg ha-1), which is the most important component that defines the agronomic performance of sweet corn, was the estimated dose of 334 g ha-1 of Mo.

Abstract Background: Recent studies suggest that sustained use of generic antibiotics may be associated with clinical failure and emergence of antibacterial resistance. The present study was designed to determine the clinical outcome between the use of generic meropenem (GM) and brand-name meropenem (BNM). Additionally, this study evaluated the economic impact of GM and BNM to determine if the former represents a cost-effective alternative to the latter. Methods: Patients treated between January 2011 and May 2014 received GM while patients treated between June 2014 and March 2017 received BNM. Mortality was compared between groups. Total infection cost was defined by the cost of antimicrobial consumption, length of stay, and laboratory and imaging exams until infection resolution. Findings: A total of 168 patients were included; survival rate for the 68 patients treated with GM was 38% compared to 59% in the patients treated with BNM. Multivariate analysis showed that the variables most strongly-associated with mortality were cardiovascular disease (OR 18.18, 95% CI 1.25-262.3, p = 0.033) and treatment with generic meropenem (OR 18.45, 95% CI 1.45-232.32, p = 0.024). On the other hand, total infection cost did not show a significant difference between groups (BNM $10,771 vs. GM $11,343; p = 0.91). Interpretation: The present study suggests that patients treated with GM have a risk of death 18 times higher compared to those treated with BNM. Furthermore, economic analysis shows that GM is not more cost effective than BNM. Summary: More studies measuring clinical outcomes are needed to confirm the clinical equivalence of brand-name versus generic antibiotics, not only for meropenem but also for other molecules.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Spiegel hernia is an infrequent type of abdominal wall defect. Traditionally, it was repaired with an open technique, currently we have multiple laparoscopic techniques with the use of prosthetic material. Clinical case: We present two cases of Spiegel hernia, one patient scheduled electively and one patient of urgency due to incarcerated hernia, both diagnosed pre-surgically with abdominal tomography. Discussion: Both patients were successfully operated laparoscopically with intraperitoneal onlay mesh technique using composite mesh and articulated fixation system. Conclusion: This technique is shown as a recommended option due to its technical facility, good results, both for elective surgeries and emergency surgeries.

Resumen Introducción: La hernia de Spiegel es un tipo infrecuente de defecto de la pared abdominal. Tradicionalmente se realizaba su reparación con técnica abierta, pero en la actualidad contamos con múltiples técnicas laparoscópicas con uso de material protésico. Caso clínico: Presentamos dos casos de hernia de Spiegel, un paciente programado de manera electiva y otro de urgencia por hernia incarcerada, ambos diagnosticados de manera prequirúrgica con tomografía abdominal. Discusión: Los dos pacientes fueron intervenidos de manera exitosa por vía laparoscópica con técnica de malla intraperitoneal utilizando malla compuesta y sistema de fijación articulado. Conclusiones: Esta técnica se muestra como una opción recomendable por su facilidad de realización y buenos resultados, tanto para cirugías electivas como para cirugías de urgencia.

Physalis peruviana L. vem adquirindo importância nos mercados internacionais devido a suas propriedades nutricionais, entretanto diante das mudanças climáticas suas regiões de cultivo são cada vez mais suscetíveis a períodos de seca. Uma estratégia para essa restrição climática é a associação com fungos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (MA). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com o fungo Funneliformis mosseae sobre o crescimento inicial e alguns parâmetros fisiológicos de P. peruviana L. sob déficit hídrico. Os tratamentos testados foram três regimes hídricos (30%, 40% e 80% da capacidade de campo) e presença ou ausência de MA. Nesse sentido, a quantificação da colonização, massa seca da raiz e da parte aérea, conteúdo relativo de água (CRA), potencial hídrico foliar, taxa de fotossíntese (A), transpiração (E), condutância estomática (gs), conteúdo e fluorescência de clorofilas e extravasamento de eletrólitos foram avaliados. Determinou-se efeito negativo dos tratamentos com 30% e 40% de capacidade de campo para todas as variáveis, porém, plantas com AM apresentaram maiores valores de massa seca de raiz, CRA, A, gs e conteúdo de clorofilas. Contudo, não houve efeito da micorrização na fluorescência da clorofila e extravasamento de eletrólitos, indicando que apesar de a simbiose ser promissora, não é suficiente para atenuar os efeitos deletérios do déficit hídrico como estratégia isolada, e deve ser integrada com outras estratégias de manejo.

Physalis peruviana L. is gaining importance in international markets due to its nutritional properties; however, the production regions are increasingly susceptible to drought periods due to global climate change. A sustainable tool against this abiotic constraint is the association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of AMF inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae on the early development and some physiological parameters of P. peruviana under drought stress. The tested treatments were three soil water conditions (30%, 40% and 80% of field capacity) and the presence or absence of AMF. In this sense, root colonization quantification, root and shoot dry weight, relative water content (RWC), leaf water potential, net photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content and fluorescence were evaluated. The treatments representing 30% and 40% of field capacity had a negative effect on all the evaluated parameters; nevertheless, AMF plants presented enhanced values of root dry weight, RWC, A, gs and chlorophyll content in comparison to non-inoculated stressed plants. Despite this, mycorrhization did not affect stress indicators as chlorophyll fluorescence and electrolyte leakage, revealing that, although AMF is a promising strategy, it is not enough to relieve drought stress deleterious effects, and need to be integrated with other management strategies.

Background: Ertapenem has proven to be effective for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae but lacks activity against non-fermenters; de-escalation to this antibiotic may reduce the selection of resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and improve clinical outcomes. Aim: To evaluate the clinical impact of de-escalation from broad-spectrum anti-pseudomonal agents to ertapenem, a non-pseudomonal antibiotics for Enterobacteriaceae infections in critically-ill patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in adult patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) who had Enterobacteriaceae infections and were de-escalated from empiric anti-pseudomonal coverage to non-pseudomonal antibiotics. Cox proportional hazards models were performed comparing all-cause mortality and length of hospital stay between patients who remained on anti-pseudomonal coverage versus those who were de-escalated to ertapenem. Results: 105 patients in the anti-pseudomonal group were compared to 148 patients in the ertapenem de-escalation group. De-escalation was associated with lower all-cause mortality compared to patients who remained on anti-pseudomonal coverage (adjusted Hazard Ratio 0.24; 95% CI: 0.12-0.46). The length of ICU stay was similar between the groups. Discussion: ICU patients with Enterobacteriaceae infections de-escalated to ertapenem therapy had better outcomes compared to patients who remained on broad-spectrum, anti-pseudomonal therapy, suggesting that de-escalation is a safe approach amongst ICU patients.

Resumen Introducción: Ertapenem ha demostrado eficacia frente a Enterobacteriaceae productoras de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido, pero carece de actividad contra bacterias no fermentadoras; el desescalamiento a este antimicrobiano cuando no existe la presencia de P. aeruginosa podría reducir la presión selectiva contra esta bacteria y mejorar los resultados clínicos. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto clínico del desescalamiento de antimicrobianos con cobertura anti-pseudomonas a ertapenem, un agente sin este espectro, en pacientes críticos con infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo en adultos admitidos a Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI) con infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae, que habían sido desescalados de una cobertura anti-pseudomonas, a un antimicrobiano sin la misma (ertapenem). Se realizó un modelo de riesgo proporcional de Cox comparando mortalidad por cualquier causa y duración de estancia hospitalaria entre aquellos pacientes que permanecieron con cobertura anti-pseudomonas versus aquellos que fueron desescalados a ertapenem. Resultados: 105 pacientes en el grupo anti-pseudomonas fueron comparados con 148 pacientes del grupo de desescalamiento a ertapenem. El desescalamiento estuvo asociado con una menor mortalidad por cualquier causa comparado con los pacientes que permanecieron con cobertura anti-pseudomonas (hazard ratio ajustado 0,24; IC 95%: 0,12-0,46). La estancia hospitalaria en UCI fue similar en ambos grupos. Discusión: Los pacientes de UCI con infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae desescalados a terapia con ertapenem, tuvieron mejores resultados clínicos comparados con aquellos que permanecieron en terapia anti-pseudomonas, sugiriendo que el desescalamiento es una práctica segura en esta población.

Abstract: In this work, a TDMA-based system is studied for VoIP services with and without mobility. The system is considered to be dedicated for voice-only services such as a WLAN environment under the PCF mode or a cellular system. In such environments, mobiles usually have mobility. This introduces the need to study the system when a handoff procedure is enabled. The teletraffic analysis considers call arrivals, call completions, and ON/OFF activity processes for individual VoIP sessions. The VoIP system is simulated in order to verify the accuracy of the analytical results. Since many papers published in the literature consider a fixed number of VoIP users in the system, this analysis can be useful to estimate the system’s performance when the system is in statistical equilibrium. As an additional feature of this work, a simple fluid model to calculate the number of active and inactive users in a VoIP system with and without handoff capabilities is proposed and developed.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The incidence of urinary fistula after kidney transplantation presents in 1.2 to 8.9% of cases and has been associated with ischemic necrosis of the ureter. Double-J catheter use is recommended to reduce its incidence. CLINICAL CASE: A 42-year-old woman underwent a deceased-donor kidney transplantation with ureterovesical reimplantation through the Lich-Gregoire technique. Fourteen days after the procedure she presented with spontaneous urine leakage from the site of the surgical drain. Initial management was bladder diversion for four weeks. There was no improvement and so a 34 Fr x 65 cm (Boston Occluder®) ureteral occlusion balloon catheter was placed next to the bladder catheter and percutaneous nephrostomy was performed. Reduced urine output was achieved after one week. Antegrade pyelography was carried out at week 3 and showed no urine leakage. The occlusion balloon catheter was removed, and a double-J catheter was placed. The clamped nephrostomy and the bladder diversion through the transurethral catheter remained. The ureteral catheter was removed six weeks after the procedure. After 12 months of follow-up the fistula was completely closed, urine volume and serum creatinine, serum urea, and blood urea nitrogen levels were within normal parameters. There were no signs of a compromised kidney graft. CONCLUSIONS: The placement of a ureteral occlusion balloon catheter, in addition to nephrostomy, is a new alternative in the treatment of patients with high-volume proximal fistula.

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La incidencia de fístula urinaria posterior a un trasplante renal varía de 1.2-8.9% de los caso, esta complicación se ha relacionado con necrosis isquémica del uréter. Se recomienda la aplicación de catéter doble J para disminuir su incidencia. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente femenina de 42 años, quien recibió trasplante renal de donador cadavérico, con reimplante ureterovesical mediante la técnica Lich-Gregoir para anastomosis. Catorce días después del procedimiento inició con salida espontánea de orina por el sitio donde se localizaba el drenaje quirúrgico. El tratamiento inicial consistió en derivación vesical durante cuatro semanas, sin mejoría del cuadro clínico, por lo que se decidió la colocación de un balón de oclusión de 34 Fr x 65 cm (Boston Occluder®) junto al catéter vesical, además de nefrostomía percutánea. Se logró disminuir el gasto urinario después de una semana y en la tercera se realizó pielografía anterógrada sin evidencia de fuga urinaria; se le retiró el balón de oclusión y se colocó un catéter doble J, con permanencia del catéter de nefrostomía pinzado y la derivación vesical por catéter transuretral. A seis semanas del procedimiento se retiró el catéter ureteral. Luego de 12 meses de seguimiento se observó el cierre completo de la fístula, los volúmenes urinarios y las concentraciones de azoados se encontraron dentro de los parámetros normales, y no se evidenciaron datos de afectación del injerto renal. CONCLUSIONES: La colocación de un balón de oclusión ureteral, además de nefrostomía, representa una nueva alternativa en el tratamiento de pacientes con fistula proximal de alto volumen.

Purpose - This study aims to determine if the quality of national institutions and banking development condition the maturity of debt depending on the horizon of short or long term. Design/methodology/approach - Analysis is performed on a sample of 116 nonfinancial companies from Peru and Brazil. The measures of quality of national institutions and banking development were obtained from World Bank data and included factorial analysis for dynamic considerations. Findings - The findings, through the treatment of pointed indicators, the factor analysis and the subsequent estimation of a dynamic econometric model, called GMM-SYS, show that institutional quality fosters the maturity of long-term debt and banking development boots short-termfinancial relations. Research limitations/implications - Evaluating different measures of the quality of national institutions and banking development is necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the results beyond the sample evaluated in LatinAmerica. Practical implications - The research allows to understand the interaction between national institutions and system banking through debt maturity, and this is useful for establishing common target between both groups. Social implications - It is important for corporate finance to understand the mechanisms of the interaction between national institutions and system banking, because this affects internal decisions offirms regardingfinancial implications. Originality/value - The treatment of measures of national institutions and banking development include dynamic considerations, and the application of this study in Latin America provides newfindings regarding these kind of indexes and their interaction with firms¨ features such as debt maturity.

Abstract The practice of enrichment of managed forests implies the insertion of species with cultural, economic and ecological value. It generally takes place in sites with some degree of anthropic impact, and also applies in sites known as oligarchic forests. They are historically modified and man-managed systems to favor a single species. Examples are the cachichinales woodlands typical of the Sierra de Misantla region, Veracruz, dominated by Oecopetalum mexicanum, a tree of edible seeds. In this study, two planting techniques were tested: translocation and nursery transplantation of three tree species highly valued in the region: Ocotea puberula, Beilschmiedia anay and Pseudolmedia glabrata. We used a paired model (Anova) to evaluate its physiological state, growth and survival. All three species showed marked stress in the early stages of their establishment; a survival rate greater than 50% was recorded after one year, regardless the technique used for either specie. Growth-wise, O. puberula was the most successful; although we found overall high survivals rates in all three species, which lead us to conclude it is feasible to introduce them into cachichinales.

Resumen El enriquecimiento de los bosques manejados es una práctica que implica la inserción de especies de valor cultural, económico y ecológico. Son sistemas que han sido históricamente modificados y manejados por el hombre para favorecer una sola especie. Ejemplo de ello son los cachichinales, bosquecillos típicos de la región Sierra de Misantla, en el centro de Veracruz, dominados por Oecopetalum mexicanum, un árbol de semillas comestibles. En este estudio se probaron dos técnicas de plantación para su enriquecimiento: translocación y trasplante de vivero. Se utilizaron tres especies arbóreas altamente valoradas en la región: Ocotea puberula, Beilschmiedia anay y Pseudolmedia glabrata. Para evaluar el estado fisiológico, crecimiento y supervivencia de las plantas se utilizó un análisis de varianza. Las tres especies tuvieron un marcado estrés (estado de la planta) en las primeras etapas de establecimiento. Después de 12 meses se registró una supervivencia mayor a 50%, indistintamente entre las técnicas utilizadas para cada especie. El crecimiento de O. puberula fue mayor (promedio y probabilidad) en el ensayo de translocación, en comparación con las otras especies. Ambas técnicas de siembra tuvieron una alta supervivencia, por lo que es factible utilizarlas indistintamente en proyectos de introducción de especies nativas en bosques enriquecidos.